Overview Product Pipeline V. Leishmaniasis Diarrheal Disease Malaria Chagas

		Related Press Releases and Articles: Institute For OneWorld Health Announces Strategic Advisory Board For Diarrheal Disease Program OneWorld Health Press Release  04.29.08 Roche and the Institute for OneWorld Health Announce Research Collaboration to Fight Neglected Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries OneWorld Health Press Release  04.17.08 OneWorld Health Sponsors Diarrheal Diseases Symposium at PEDICON 2008 to Share Information on Effective Therapies against Major Child Killer OneWorld Health Press Release  01.19.08 Dr. Victoria Hale to Build upon OneWorld Health’s Success for Broader Global Health Impact OneWorld Health Press Release  09.27.07		Five Common Types of Diarrheal Pathogens: Salmonella Global burden Salmonella (shown at left) is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a disease endemic in many parts Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Although food-borne outbreaks in the United States and Europe are not unheard of, most outbreaks are observed in the developing world, where inadequate water supplies and poor sewage treatment policies create an ideal breeding ground for the disease. There are an estimated 12 to 33 million cases of typhoid fever every year, with an estimated 600,000 associated deaths1. Most cases occur in children between 3 and 19 years of age, although younger children often have a more severe form of the disease2,3. Many species of Salmonella cause disease in humans. However, only two species, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, cause typhoid fever, the most life-threatening form of Salmonella infection. Most people contract typhoid by eating fecally-contaminated food. Once ingested, the bacteria can spread from the intestine to the liver and spleen. Mild cases of typhoid are associated with a low-grade fever and cough, whereas more severe cases can cause high fever, abdominal discomfort, peritonitis, and death. Current Treatment Before antibiotics were discovered, a reported 15% of typhoid cases were fatal4. With the advent of antibiotics the fatality rate has been reduced. The current treatment protocol is a course of either chloramphenicol or ampicillin. However, an increasing percentage of Salmonella isolates are resistant to these drugs5. Newer antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, have been shown to be effective against some antibiotic-resistant strains, although ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella has already been identified in areas of high usage6,7. In the developing world, drug resistant strains and poor access to health care have increased the typhoid fatality rate by almost 300% in some areas8. These statistics highlight the need for preventative treatments. Fortunately, effective typhoid vaccines do exist9,10. The most recently developed vaccine, Vi-rEPA, has been shown to be 90% effective in children under the age of five. This vaccine represents a major step forward in the fight against salmonella; ongoing research should indicate how this vaccine should be used to reduce incidence of typhoid in the developing world. Ivanoff, B. (1995) Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 26, 1-6 Butler, T., Islam, A., Kabir, I., and Jones, P. K. (1991) Rev Infect Dis 13, 85-90 Saha, S. K., Baqui, A. H., Hanif, M., Darmstadt, G. L., Ruhulamin, M., Nagatake, T., Santosham, M., and Black, R. E. (2001) Pediatr Infect Dis J 20, 521-524 Stuart, B., and Pullen, R. (1948) Arch Intern Med 78, 629-661 Mermin, J. H., Townes, J. M., Gerber, M., Dolan, N., Mintz, E. D., and Tauxe, R. V. (1998) Arch Intern Med 158, 633-638 Mermin, J. H., Villar, R., Carpenter, J., Roberts, L., Samaridden, A., Gasanova, L., Lomakina, S., Bopp, C., Hutwagner, L., Mead, P., Ross, B., and Mintz, E. D. (1999) J Infect Dis 179, 1416-1422 Wain, J., Hoa, N. T., Chinh, N. T., Vinh, H., Everett, M. J., Diep, T. S., Day, N. P., Solomon, T., White, N. J., Piddock, L. J., and Parry, C. M. (1997) Clin Infect Dis 25, 1404-1410 Bhutta, Z. A., Naqvi, S. H., Razzaq, R. A., and Farooqui, B. J. (1991) Rev Infect Dis 13, 832-836 Svennerholm, A. M., and Steele, D. (2004) Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 18, 421-445 Lin, F. Y., Ho, V. A., Khiem, H. B., Trach, D. D., Bay, P. V., Thanh, T. C., Kossaczka, Z., Bryla, D. A., Shiloach, J., Robbins, J. B., Schneerson, R., and Szu, S. C. (2001) N Engl J Med 344, 1263-1269 Return to Common Types of Diarrheal Pathogens page > Return to Diarrheal Disease main page >

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